Production of Phenol-urea-formaldehyde Resin (PUF) and Investigation of its Resistive Properties in Particleboard

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc., Wood composite products, Department of wood science and technology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Noor, Iran

2 Associate Prof., Department of wood science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

3 Professor, Department of wood science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tarbiat modares, Noor, Iran

Abstract

In this study, phenol was partially substituted with urea to reduce the production cost of phenol formaldehyde resin (PF), and a new resin phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) was synthesized. Different formulations of resin PUF with different molar ratios were made using different methods. The structure of the formulated resins and their coagulation behavior were evaluated with infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. FT-IR and DSC analysis indicated the best results for the synthesized PUFB3 which was made from phenol, urea, and formaldehyde with a molar ratio of 1: 0.5: 1.7, respectively, and exhibited a similar methylene structure with PF resin. Then, the formulated resins were applied to produce particleboard. Mechanical properties of the produced particleboards were determined and compared with those of ones which were prepared with PF resin as the control treatment. The findings demonstrated that the substitution of urea increased the dry internal bonding strength and modulus elasticity but reduced the internal binding strength of the produced particleboards following a two-hour immersion into boiling water. The findings revealed that the mechanical properties of the particleboards produced with PUFB3 resin were comparable with the control treatment, and the formulation of phenol, urea, and formaldehyde with the molar ratio of 1: 0.5: 1.7 was selected as the optimum treatment for outdoor condition and under load. In addition, the particleboards produced with PUFD1 resin which was formulated of phenol, urea and formaldehyde with the molar ratio of 1: 0.5: 2.5 exhibited standard properties for application in outdoor conditions without load.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1[ Lei, Y., Wu, Q., Clemons, C.M., Yao, F.and Xu, Y., 2007.Influence of Nanoclay on Properties of HDPE/Wood Composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106: 3958-3966.
]2[ Yano, K., Usuki, A., Okada, A., Kurauchi, T. and Kamigaito, O., 1993. Synthesis and Properties of Polyimide-Clay Hybrid. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry, 31: 2493-2498.
]3 [ Pizzi, A., 1994. Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology. Marcel Dekker: New York, 89–148.
]4[  Lokensgard, E., 2010. Industrial Plastics: Theory and Applications. Cengage Learning, 473-476.
]5[ Dunky, M., 1998. Urea formaldehyde (UF) Adhesive resins for Wood. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 18: 95-107.
]6[ Park, B.D., Riedl, B., Bae, H.J. and Kim, Y.S., 1999. Differential scanning calorimetry of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 19:265–286.
]7[ Vázquez, G., López-Suevos, F., VillarGarea, A., González-Alvarez, J. and Antorrena, G., 2004. 13C-NMR analysis of phenol-urea-formaldehyde prepolymers and phenol-urea-formaldehyde-tannin adhesives. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 18:1529-1543.
]8[ Zhao, C., Pizzi, A. and Garnier, S., 1999. Fast advancement and hardening acceleration of low condensation alkaline PF resins by ester and copolymerized urea. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 74: 359-378.
]9[ He, G., Riedl, B., 2003. Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Cocondensed Resol Resins: Their Synthesis, Curing Kinetics, and Network Properties. Journal of Polymer Science, 41: 1929-1938.
]10[ Du, G., Lei, H., Pizzi, A. and Pach, H., 2008.Synthesis–Structure–Performance Relationship of Cocondensed Phenol–Urea–Formaldehyde Resins by MALDI-ToF and 13C-NMR. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110: 1182–1194.
]11[ European Standard EN 326-1. 1993, Wood based panels. Sampling, cutting and inspection. Sampling and cutting of test pieces and expression of test results.
]12[ European Standard EN 319. 1993, Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board. CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels. Belgium.
]13[ European Standard EN 312-2,1996. Particleboard Specifications part10:Load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions. CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels. Belgium.
]14[ European Standard EN 310. 1993, Wood Based Panel. Department of modulus of elasticity inbending and of bending strength. CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels. Belgium.
]15[ Que, Z., Furuno, T., Katoh, S. and Nishino, Y., 2007. Effects of urea-formaldehyde resin mole ratio on the properties of particleboard. Building and Environment, 42: 1257-1263.
]16[ Tomita, B.and Hse, C.Y., 1998. Phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) cocondensed wood adhesives. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 18:69-79.
]17[ He, G. and Yan, N., 2005. Influence of the Synthesis Conditions on the Curing Behavior of Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Resol Resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 95:1368-1375.
]18[ Hematabadi, H. and Behrooz, R., 2012. The effect of urea pretreatment on the formaldehyde emission and properties of straw particleboard. Journal of Forestry Research, 23: 497-502.