The effect of different additives on the properties of handsheet prepared from office waste paper

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Wood and Paper Engineering, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Enghelab-e Eslami, Tehran Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran.

3 Wood and forest product division, RIFR

Abstract

This study was performed in order to compare the independent and combined effects of four types of additives including cellulose nanofibers, cationic polyacrylamide, cationic starch, and imported long fiber pulp in the handsheet prepared from office waste paper. Independent treatments included the addition of 15% long fiber pulp, 3% cellulose nanofibers, 0.75% cationic starch and 0.07% cationic polyacrylamide. Combination treatments included firstly addition of 0.75% starch and then 3% cellulose nanofibers, and also 0.07% cationic polyacrylamide and 3% cellulose nanofibers. Handsheets with grammage of 60 g/m2 were made from seven furnishes and finally the physical, mechanical and microscopic structures of the handsheet were investigated. The results showed that addition of long fiber pulp, cationic starch, cationic polyacrylamide and cellulose nanofibers slightly reduced the density of handsheets compared with the control. The highest surface smoothness was achieved using combined treatments of cellulose nanofibers, which could improve the printability of the paper, but decreasing the air permeability and reducing the water drainage of the sheet by adding cellulose nanofibers could cause problems on paper and printing machines. Tensile, burst and tear indices of handsheets had the highest increase by the addition of 15% long fiber pulp, and then using 0.75% cationic starch improved the strength compared with other treatments. Electron microscopy images showed a relative reduction of porosity in the handsheets made from cellulose nanofibers, which could have negative effects on water drainage of recycled pulp.

Keywords

[1] Ghaffari, M., Ghasemian, A., Resalati, H., and Asadpour, G., 2012. Determination of the optimum use of cationic starch on the basis of the mechanical strengths of mixed OCC and virgin NSSC pulps. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries, 2(2): 121-133.

[2]   Akbarpour, I., 2009. Enzymatic deinking of old newspaper. M.SC thesis. Agricultural sciences & natural resources university of gorgan.121 pages. (In Persion)

[3]   Leponiemi, A., 2011. Fibres and energy from wheat straw by simple practice. VTT publications, Aalto University.

[4]   Rahmaninia, M., and Khosravani, A., 2015. Improving the paper recycling process of old corrugated container wastes. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 49(2): 203-208.

[5]   Tajik, M., Resalati, H., Hamzeh, Y., Torshizi, H.J., Kermanian, H., and Kord, B., 2016. Improving the Properties of Soda Bagasse Pulp by Using Cellulose Nanofibers in the Presence of Cationic Polyacrylamide. BioResources, 11(4): 9126-9141.

[6]   Jalali, T.H. Zare, B.S., Ramezani, O., and Rudi, H., 2016. Effect of nano silica and cationic polyacrylamide on retention, drainage and strength properties of recycled paper from OCC. Forest and Wood Products., 68(4). 771- 784. (In Persian).

[7]   Li, T., Fan, J., Chen, W., Shu, J., Qian, X., Wei, H., Wang, Q., and Shen, J., 2016. Coaggregation of mineral filler particles and starch granules as a basis for improving filler-fiber interaction in paper production. Carbohydrate polymers, 149: 20-27.

[8]   Ebrahim Berisa, R., and Tavakoli, H., 2015. Starch Application as a Dry-strength Additive in Papermaking, Polymerization, 5(3): 90-101. (In Persian).

[9]   Adel, A.M., El-Gendy, A.A., Diab, M.A., Abou-Zeid, R.E., El-Zawawy, W.K., and Dufresne, A., 2016. Microfibrillated cellulose from agricultural residues. Part I: Papermaking application. Industrial Crops and Products, 93: 161-174.

[10] Osong, S.H., Norgren, S., and Engstrand, P., 2016. Processing of woodbased microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review. Cellulose., 23(1): 93-123.

[11] Vallejos, M.E., Felissia, F.E., Area, M.C., Ehman, N.V., Tarrés, Q., and Mutjé, P., 2016. Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) from eucalyptus sawdust as a dry strength agent of unrefined eucalyptus handsheets. Carbohydrate polymers, 139: 99-105.

[12] Afra, E., 2005. The Fundamentals of Paper Properties, Aeej Publication, Tehran, 338 p. (In Persian).

[13] Pourkarim Dodangeh, H., and Jalali Torshizi, H., 2018. The effect of cellulose nanofibres on cationic starch efficiency in pulp and paper recycled from packaging waste paper. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries, 9(2): 187-197.

[14] Niskanen, K., 1998. Paper Physics, Papermaking Science and Technology Series, Gullichsen, J., and Paulapuro, H. eds. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, , Finland, 324 p.

[15] Afra, E., Eskandari, M., Resalati, H., and Dehghani-Firouzabadi, M.R., 2014. Comparison of the Physical, Mechanical and Optical Properties Paper Treated with Nanoclay and Homogenized Nanoclay. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 21(3): 131-148.

[16] Elyasi-Bakhtyari, S., Jalali-Torshizi, H. and Resalati, H., 2016. Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Sizing of Recycled-Virgin Cardboard with Engineered Heterogeneous Layers under Neutral and Alkaline Condition, Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 23: 1-20.

[17] Hamzeh, Y., and Rostampour-Haftkhani, A., 2008. Principales of Pepermaking Chemistry. Tehran University Publications, Tehran, 424 p. (In Persian).

[18] Asadpour, G., Resalati, H., Dehghani, M. R., Ghasemian, A., and Mohammad Nazhad, M., 2015. Comparison of using single and dual retention aid system on newspaper pulp properties. Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 22(2): 75-93. (In Persian).

[19] Goli, M., Zabihzade, M., Mahdavi, S., and Sadaghifar, H., 2016. The effect of TCF bleaching before and after refining on the CMP pulp properties. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 31(3): 510-521. (In Persian).

[20] Naijian, F., Resalati, H., Rudi, H. R., Jalali-Torshizi, H., and Pirmoradian, K., 2017. Effect of alum-cationic rosin consumption level on the properties of papers made from recycled white sheets trimmings. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 32(2): 238-250.

[21] Lee, C. K., Ibrahim, D., Ibrahim, C. O., and Daud, W. R. W., 2011. Enzymatic and chemical deinking of mixed office wastepaper and old newspaper: paper quality and effluent characteristics. BioResources, 6(4): 3859-3875.

[22] Pathak, P., Bhardwaj, N. K., and Singh, A. K., 2011. Optimization of chemical and enzymatic deinking of photocopier waste paper. BioResources, 6(1): 447-463.

[23] Kiaei, M., Samariha, A., and Farsi, M., 2016. Effects of montmorillonite clay on mechanical and morphological properties of papers made with cationic starch and neutral sulfite semichemical or old corrugated container pulps, BioResources, 11(2): 4990-5002.

[24] Rezayati Charani, P., Moradian, M. H., and Saadatnia, M. A., 2018. Sequence analysis using cellulose nanofibers, cationic starch and polyacrylamide in the paper tensile strength. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 25(3): 73-82.

[25] Latibari, A.J., Khosravani, A., and Nabavi, S.M.H., 2011. Application of Micro and Nanoparticles in Papermaking. Aeej Publication, Tehran, 216 p. (In Persian(.

[26] Pourkarim Dodangeh, H., Jalali Torshizi, H., and Rudi, H., 2021. Cationic PolyAcrylamide/ Cellulose Nanofibril Polyelectrolytes Effect on Suspension and Network Properties of Packaging Recycled fibers. Journal of Applied Research of Chemical-Polymer Engineering, 5(1): 3-15.

[27] Ek, M., Gellerstedt, G. and Henriksson, G., 2014. Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology, Volume 4, Paper Products Physics and Technology, 251 p.

[28] Heermann, M. L., Welter, S. R., and Hubbe, M. A., 2006. Effects of high treatment levels in a dry-strength additive program based on deposition of polyelectrolyte complexes: How much glue is too much. TAPPI journal, 5(6): 9.

[29] Lagaron, J.M., Catala, R., and Gavara, R., 2004, Structural characteristics defining high barrier properties in polymeric materials, Materials Science and Technology, 20: 1–7.

[30] Main, N. M., Talib, R. A., Rahman, R. A., Mohamed, A. Z., Ibrahim, R., and Adnan, S., 2015. Effect of amphoteric and cationic polyacrylamide on the structural and strength properties of coir paper. Procedia Manufacturing, 2: 28-34.

[31] Afra, A., Mohammadi, M., Imani, R., Narchin, P. and Roshani, Sh., 2015. Improving the antibacterial properties of hygiene papres using silver nanoparticles. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology Research, 22(2): 119–135.

[32] Kang, T., 2007. Role of external fibrillation in pulp and paper properties. Helsinki University of Technology. 41 p.

References

[1] Ghaffari, M., Ghasemian, A., Resalati, H., and Asadpour, G., 2012. Determination of the optimum use of cationic starch on the basis of the mechanical strengths of mixed OCC and virgin NSSC pulps. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries, 2(2): 121-133.
[2]   Akbarpour, I., 2009. Enzymatic deinking of old newspaper. M.SC thesis. Agricultural sciences & natural resources university of gorgan.121 pages. (In Persion)
[3]   Leponiemi, A., 2011. Fibres and energy from wheat straw by simple practice. VTT publications, Aalto University.
[4]   Rahmaninia, M., and Khosravani, A., 2015. Improving the paper recycling process of old corrugated container wastes. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 49(2): 203-208.
[5]   Tajik, M., Resalati, H., Hamzeh, Y., Torshizi, H.J., Kermanian, H., and Kord, B., 2016. Improving the Properties of Soda Bagasse Pulp by Using Cellulose Nanofibers in the Presence of Cationic Polyacrylamide. BioResources, 11(4): 9126-9141.
[6]   Jalali, T.H. Zare, B.S., Ramezani, O., and Rudi, H., 2016. Effect of nano silica and cationic polyacrylamide on retention, drainage and strength properties of recycled paper from OCC. Forest and Wood Products., 68(4). 771- 784. (In Persian).
[7]   Li, T., Fan, J., Chen, W., Shu, J., Qian, X., Wei, H., Wang, Q., and Shen, J., 2016. Coaggregation of mineral filler particles and starch granules as a basis for improving filler-fiber interaction in paper production. Carbohydrate polymers, 149: 20-27.
[8]   Ebrahim Berisa, R., and Tavakoli, H., 2015. Starch Application as a Dry-strength Additive in Papermaking, Polymerization, 5(3): 90-101. (In Persian).
[9]   Adel, A.M., El-Gendy, A.A., Diab, M.A., Abou-Zeid, R.E., El-Zawawy, W.K., and Dufresne, A., 2016. Microfibrillated cellulose from agricultural residues. Part I: Papermaking application. Industrial Crops and Products, 93: 161-174.
[10] Osong, S.H., Norgren, S., and Engstrand, P., 2016. Processing of woodbased microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review. Cellulose., 23(1): 93-123.
[11] Vallejos, M.E., Felissia, F.E., Area, M.C., Ehman, N.V., Tarrés, Q., and Mutjé, P., 2016. Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) from eucalyptus sawdust as a dry strength agent of unrefined eucalyptus handsheets. Carbohydrate polymers, 139: 99-105.
[12] Afra, E., 2005. The Fundamentals of Paper Properties, Aeej Publication, Tehran, 338 p. (In Persian).
[13] Pourkarim Dodangeh, H., and Jalali Torshizi, H., 2018. The effect of cellulose nanofibres on cationic starch efficiency in pulp and paper recycled from packaging waste paper. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries, 9(2): 187-197.
[14] Niskanen, K., 1998. Paper Physics, Papermaking Science and Technology Series, Gullichsen, J., and Paulapuro, H. eds. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, , Finland, 324 p.
[15] Afra, E., Eskandari, M., Resalati, H., and Dehghani-Firouzabadi, M.R., 2014. Comparison of the Physical, Mechanical and Optical Properties Paper Treated with Nanoclay and Homogenized Nanoclay. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 21(3): 131-148.
[16] Elyasi-Bakhtyari, S., Jalali-Torshizi, H. and Resalati, H., 2016. Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Sizing of Recycled-Virgin Cardboard with Engineered Heterogeneous Layers under Neutral and Alkaline Condition, Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 23: 1-20.
[17] Hamzeh, Y., and Rostampour-Haftkhani, A., 2008. Principales of Pepermaking Chemistry. Tehran University Publications, Tehran, 424 p. (In Persian).
[18] Asadpour, G., Resalati, H., Dehghani, M. R., Ghasemian, A., and Mohammad Nazhad, M., 2015. Comparison of using single and dual retention aid system on newspaper pulp properties. Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 22(2): 75-93. (In Persian).
[19] Goli, M., Zabihzade, M., Mahdavi, S., and Sadaghifar, H., 2016. The effect of TCF bleaching before and after refining on the CMP pulp properties. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 31(3): 510-521. (In Persian).
[20] Naijian, F., Resalati, H., Rudi, H. R., Jalali-Torshizi, H., and Pirmoradian, K., 2017. Effect of alum-cationic rosin consumption level on the properties of papers made from recycled white sheets trimmings. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 32(2): 238-250.
[21] Lee, C. K., Ibrahim, D., Ibrahim, C. O., and Daud, W. R. W., 2011. Enzymatic and chemical deinking of mixed office wastepaper and old newspaper: paper quality and effluent characteristics. BioResources, 6(4): 3859-3875.
[22] Pathak, P., Bhardwaj, N. K., and Singh, A. K., 2011. Optimization of chemical and enzymatic deinking of photocopier waste paper. BioResources, 6(1): 447-463.
[23] Kiaei, M., Samariha, A., and Farsi, M., 2016. Effects of montmorillonite clay on mechanical and morphological properties of papers made with cationic starch and neutral sulfite semichemical or old corrugated container pulps, BioResources, 11(2): 4990-5002.
[24] Rezayati Charani, P., Moradian, M. H., and Saadatnia, M. A., 2018. Sequence analysis using cellulose nanofibers, cationic starch and polyacrylamide in the paper tensile strength. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 25(3): 73-82.
[25] Latibari, A.J., Khosravani, A., and Nabavi, S.M.H., 2011. Application of Micro and Nanoparticles in Papermaking. Aeej Publication, Tehran, 216 p. (In Persian(.
[26] Pourkarim Dodangeh, H., Jalali Torshizi, H., and Rudi, H., 2021. Cationic PolyAcrylamide/ Cellulose Nanofibril Polyelectrolytes Effect on Suspension and Network Properties of Packaging Recycled fibers. Journal of Applied Research of Chemical-Polymer Engineering, 5(1): 3-15.
[27] Ek, M., Gellerstedt, G. and Henriksson, G., 2014. Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology, Volume 4, Paper Products Physics and Technology, 251 p.
[28] Heermann, M. L., Welter, S. R., and Hubbe, M. A., 2006. Effects of high treatment levels in a dry-strength additive program based on deposition of polyelectrolyte complexes: How much glue is too much. TAPPI journal, 5(6): 9.
[29] Lagaron, J.M., Catala, R., and Gavara, R., 2004, Structural characteristics defining high barrier properties in polymeric materials, Materials Science and Technology, 20: 1–7.
[30] Main, N. M., Talib, R. A., Rahman, R. A., Mohamed, A. Z., Ibrahim, R., and Adnan, S., 2015. Effect of amphoteric and cationic polyacrylamide on the structural and strength properties of coir paper. Procedia Manufacturing, 2: 28-34.
[31] Afra, A., Mohammadi, M., Imani, R., Narchin, P. and Roshani, Sh., 2015. Improving the antibacterial properties of hygiene papres using silver nanoparticles. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology Research, 22(2): 119–135.
[32] Kang, T., 2007. Role of external fibrillation in pulp and paper properties. Helsinki University of Technology. 41 p.
Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries
Volume 13, Issue 2
September 2022
Pages 119-131

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