Iranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Effect of weathering on Surface properties of HDPE-based wood plastic compositesEffect of weathering on Surface properties of HDPE-based wood plastic composites48349622806FAMohammad Dahmardeh GhalehnoAssistant prof., Department of wood and paper sciences and technology, University of Zabol, Zabol, IranMohammadreza Masteri FarahaniAssociate prof., Department of wood engineering and technology, Gorgan University of agricultural science and natural resources, Goegan, IranMehrab MadhoushiAssistant prof., Department of wood engineering and technology, Gorgan University of agricultural science and natural resources, Gorgan, IranDavood RasouliAssistant prof., Department of wood engineering and technology, Gorgan University of agricultural science and natural resources, Gorgan, Iran0000-0002-7248-1611Alireza ShakeriAssociate prof., Department of chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0730-0412Esmaeil GhasemiProfessor, Department of plastic, Iran polymer and petrochemical institute, Tehran, IranJournal Article20161007In this study, Effect of weathering on Surface properties of HDPE-based wood plastic composites was investigated. The variable factors were titanium dioxide nanoparticles content (0, 1, 2 and 3%), raw material type (heat treated wood and untreated wood) and photo stabilizer (0 and 1%). Lightness index (L*) and color changes (∆E) were investigated after 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 hours weathering. Chemical changes and surface deterioration that occurred due to weathering were also analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after 1500 hours weathering. Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of WPCs showed that carbonyl index increased and wood index decreased after weathering. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that weathered samples experienced surface deterioration. Wood plastic composites containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood (heat treated wood) and tinuvin 328 (photo stabilizer) showed less surface cracks after weathering compared to control sample. Carbonyl index and wood index changes of samples containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood and tinuvin 328 decreased after weathering compared to control sample. The results also showed that lightness index and color change of samples increased after weathering. The color stability of WPCs was improved by using of wood plastic composites containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood and tinuvin 328.In this study, Effect of weathering on Surface properties of HDPE-based wood plastic composites was investigated. The variable factors were titanium dioxide nanoparticles content (0, 1, 2 and 3%), raw material type (heat treated wood and untreated wood) and photo stabilizer (0 and 1%). Lightness index (L*) and color changes (∆E) were investigated after 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 hours weathering. Chemical changes and surface deterioration that occurred due to weathering were also analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after 1500 hours weathering. Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of WPCs showed that carbonyl index increased and wood index decreased after weathering. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that weathered samples experienced surface deterioration. Wood plastic composites containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood (heat treated wood) and tinuvin 328 (photo stabilizer) showed less surface cracks after weathering compared to control sample. Carbonyl index and wood index changes of samples containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood and tinuvin 328 decreased after weathering compared to control sample. The results also showed that lightness index and color change of samples increased after weathering. The color stability of WPCs was improved by using of wood plastic composites containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, thermowood and tinuvin 328.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_22806_22b29027801f888ca5202228dc2ab2ca.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Study of Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Reinforced Celloluse Nanofiber (CNF)Study of Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Reinforced Celloluse Nanofiber (CNF)49750823243FAShobo SalehpourPh.D. Student, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMahdi JonoobiAssistant Prof., Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranKristina OksmanProfessor, Department of engineering sciences and mathematics, Lulea university of Sweden, SwedenMasoud AhmadzadehAssociate prof., Department of plant protection, Faculty of agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMajid KhanaliAssistant prof., Department of agricultural engineering and technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20160517The aim of this study was to improve the properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by using cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a reinforcement. In order to improve the compatibility and miscibility with PVA matrix, freeze drying method was applied. The nanocomposites based on PVA with values 5, 10, 20 and 30wt% of CNF were prepared by freeze-drying and the effect of CNF addition on the mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties, moisture sorption, barrier and biodegradability of the nanocomposites was studied. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVA films were improved by the addition of CNF. The nanocomposite with 10wt% nano-fibers had the highest tensile strength and lowest modulus of elasticity and the elongation at break. The results indicated that the storage modulus (E′) of PVA was considerably improved with the introduction of CNF into - polymer matrix. The water vapor permeability decreased from 7.31 to 2.1×10-7 g/m. h. Pa as the CNF percentage increased from 0 to 30%. Also the presence of cellulose nanofibers improved moisture sorption of polyvinyl alcohol. The weight loss of PVA films increased 60% with addition of 30wt% CNF after 90 days of exposure in soilThe aim of this study was to improve the properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by using cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a reinforcement. In order to improve the compatibility and miscibility with PVA matrix, freeze drying method was applied. The nanocomposites based on PVA with values 5, 10, 20 and 30wt% of CNF were prepared by freeze-drying and the effect of CNF addition on the mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties, moisture sorption, barrier and biodegradability of the nanocomposites was studied. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVA films were improved by the addition of CNF. The nanocomposite with 10wt% nano-fibers had the highest tensile strength and lowest modulus of elasticity and the elongation at break. The results indicated that the storage modulus (E′) of PVA was considerably improved with the introduction of CNF into - polymer matrix. The water vapor permeability decreased from 7.31 to 2.1×10-7 g/m. h. Pa as the CNF percentage increased from 0 to 30%. Also the presence of cellulose nanofibers improved moisture sorption of polyvinyl alcohol. The weight loss of PVA films increased 60% with addition of 30wt% CNF after 90 days of exposure in soilhttps://www.ijwp.ir/article_23243_3a1f4d655c586ba85fddfba7528438e0.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Microscopic investigation on the effects of wood surface modification with sol-gel method on the quality of polyurethane and alkyd coatingsMicroscopic investigation on the effects of wood surface modification with sol-gel method on the quality of polyurethane and alkyd coatings50952024426FAHadi GholamiyanAssistant Prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-8499-5732Asghar TarmianAssociate Prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-0925-7465Kambiz PourtahmasiProfessor, Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20161009In this research, the effects of poplar wood surface modification using sol-gel method on the quality of alkyd and polyurethane coatings for outdoor application were studied. For this purpose, the wood surface was modified with Tetraethoxysilane (T) sol-gel material. Then, solvent-borne alkyd (AS) and solvent-borne polyurethane (PS) coatings were applied. The quality of coatings was evaluated by microscopic observation using fluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and EDX-SEM. The results of EDX showed a noticeable silicon peak in the sol-gel-treated specimens. The results of fluorescence microscopic studies showed that alkyd and polyurethane coatings only present in the cell lumens but the sol-gel penetrates into the cell walls. Laser microscope results showed that the modification of wood surface with sol-gel process reduces the roughness of alkyd and polyurethane coatings caused by weathering.In this research, the effects of poplar wood surface modification using sol-gel method on the quality of alkyd and polyurethane coatings for outdoor application were studied. For this purpose, the wood surface was modified with Tetraethoxysilane (T) sol-gel material. Then, solvent-borne alkyd (AS) and solvent-borne polyurethane (PS) coatings were applied. The quality of coatings was evaluated by microscopic observation using fluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and EDX-SEM. The results of EDX showed a noticeable silicon peak in the sol-gel-treated specimens. The results of fluorescence microscopic studies showed that alkyd and polyurethane coatings only present in the cell lumens but the sol-gel penetrates into the cell walls. Laser microscope results showed that the modification of wood surface with sol-gel process reduces the roughness of alkyd and polyurethane coatings caused by weathering.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_24426_266f29e432ed78d78338ad2f56e8c76e.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Investigation on bending moment capacity of corner joints constructed with spline under diagonal tension and compressionInvestigation on bending moment capacity of corner joints constructed with spline under diagonal tension and compression52153224487FAKambiz RashediM.Sc., wood and paper science, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160510This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the penetration depths (8, 11, 14) and material types of spline (high density fiber board (HDF), plywood and hornbeam wood (Carpinus betulus)) composite material types (MDF and particleboard) on bending moment resistance of mitered L-type joints. In this research L-type joints fabricated with spline and PVA adhesive with dimensions 160 × 230 ×16 mm (Length × Width × Thickness respectively). Joints were fabricated tested by an Instron machine under tension and compression loading. The results have shown that the bending moment resistance of joints under compression was higher than those under tension. The lowest bending moment resistance under tension was seen in particleboard and plywood spline with 14 mm penetration depth while under compression it was seen in particleboard, and HDF spline with 11 mm penetration depth. The highest bending moment resistance under tension was seen in MDF, and plywood spline with 14 mm penetration depth while under compression it was seen in MDF, and HDF spline with 8 mm penetration depth.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the penetration depths (8, 11, 14) and material types of spline (high density fiber board (HDF), plywood and hornbeam wood (Carpinus betulus)) composite material types (MDF and particleboard) on bending moment resistance of mitered L-type joints. In this research L-type joints fabricated with spline and PVA adhesive with dimensions 160 × 230 ×16 mm (Length × Width × Thickness respectively). Joints were fabricated tested by an Instron machine under tension and compression loading. The results have shown that the bending moment resistance of joints under compression was higher than those under tension. The lowest bending moment resistance under tension was seen in particleboard and plywood spline with 14 mm penetration depth while under compression it was seen in particleboard, and HDF spline with 11 mm penetration depth. The highest bending moment resistance under tension was seen in MDF, and plywood spline with 14 mm penetration depth while under compression it was seen in MDF, and HDF spline with 8 mm penetration depth.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_24487_000a73b948dad71ea824ec7ec5e4d4ec.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Strategic planning for wood farming development (Case study: Urmia)Strategic planning for wood farming development (Case study: Urmia)53354824940FASaeedeh Khayati NezhadM.Sc., Department of forestry, Faculty of natural resources, Urmia university,Urmia, IranOmid HosseinzadehAssistant Prof., Department of forestry, Faculty of natural resources, Urmia university,Urmia, IranMarzieh HajjarianAssistant Prof., Department of forestry, Faculty of natural resources, Urmia university,Urmia, IranMohammadReza AbdiLecturer, School of management, Bradford university, Bradford, UKJournal Article20160904Wood farming is one of the strategies of agricultural development programs to reform unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. Poplar is one of the known species for wood farming in the country. This species is fast-growing and has numerous Colognes has the ability to adapt to different climatic conditions. Fast growth, good economic returns and traditional agricultural knowledge, favorable habitat to agriculture are advantages of poplar for agricultural development. However, the result of previous studies indicates existing barriers to the development of plantation and its development need strategic planning. What seem essential today are strategies to overcome these obstacles. Accordingly, this present study with a holistic view trying to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of poplar farming. And the most appropriate strategies for the development of poplar farming in Urmia have offered. This research was a Field study and conducted using questionnaires. In this study, strategies were defined using SWOT analysis and the strategies were prioritized using analysis network process. The results showed the history of poplar farming in this region is the most important benefit to development and the many uses for poplar wood is the next priority. Increasingly replacement of poplar farming with alternative cultures is one of the main weaknesses of poplar farming development in this region. After that long return of profitability in poplar farming is the second priority. The most important opportunities for the development were the development of credit specialists to support of poplar farming and the most important threat was lack of annual financing of farmers. Also the results of strategic prioritization showed, Modern irrigation methods to reduce water consumption and planning to teach correct principles of technical planting, farming and harvesting are considered as the most important strategies.Wood farming is one of the strategies of agricultural development programs to reform unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. Poplar is one of the known species for wood farming in the country. This species is fast-growing and has numerous Colognes has the ability to adapt to different climatic conditions. Fast growth, good economic returns and traditional agricultural knowledge, favorable habitat to agriculture are advantages of poplar for agricultural development. However, the result of previous studies indicates existing barriers to the development of plantation and its development need strategic planning. What seem essential today are strategies to overcome these obstacles. Accordingly, this present study with a holistic view trying to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of poplar farming. And the most appropriate strategies for the development of poplar farming in Urmia have offered. This research was a Field study and conducted using questionnaires. In this study, strategies were defined using SWOT analysis and the strategies were prioritized using analysis network process. The results showed the history of poplar farming in this region is the most important benefit to development and the many uses for poplar wood is the next priority. Increasingly replacement of poplar farming with alternative cultures is one of the main weaknesses of poplar farming development in this region. After that long return of profitability in poplar farming is the second priority. The most important opportunities for the development were the development of credit specialists to support of poplar farming and the most important threat was lack of annual financing of farmers. Also the results of strategic prioritization showed, Modern irrigation methods to reduce water consumption and planning to teach correct principles of technical planting, farming and harvesting are considered as the most important strategies.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_24940_8972624374801c0d4276a0e1d7697d3c.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Investigation of the relations between screw diameter and pilot hole diameter with withdrawal resistance in LVL for establishing regression modelInvestigation of the relations between screw diameter and pilot hole diameter with withdrawal resistance in LVL for establishing regression model54956125019FAMossayeb DalvandPhD student, Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-3943-4001Kambiz PourtahmasiProfessor, Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranGhanbar EbrahimiProfessor, Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20160927In this study, variation in screw diameter and corresponding pilot hole, and relationship between these variables with withdrawal resistance for establishing multiple linear regression model was investigated. In this investigation 9-ply LVL was made of poplar (Populus deltoids). LVL was produced with polyvinyl acetate adhesive. Test specimens were prepared from LVL produced with dimensions of 7.5 * 7.5 cm. Dimension of pilot hole embedded in specimens at 4 levels (50, 60, 70 and 80 present of nominal screw diameter). The test Specimens were studied with nominal screw diameter 4.2, 5, 6 and 7mm were produced. Withdrawal resistance of screw was tested from surface and, edge and cross-sections. Results have shown that withdrawal resistance from edge (perpendicular to grain) was more than withdrawal resistance from face and cross-section (parallel to grain). Also the results have shown that withdrawal resistance of different screw diameter decreased with increase of pilot hole diameter, but withdrawal resistance increased with increase of screw diameter itself. The highest withdrawal resistance was obtained from screw 7 mm in diameters and predrilled hole diameter 50% of screw diameter. The lowest withdrawal resistance was observed from screw 4.2 mm in diameter and predrilled hole diameter 80% of screw diameter. Finally multiple linear regression models ys= 3.055+.411X1-3.358X2, ye║=2.6361.694X1+.089X2 and ye┴= 2.334+.509X1-2.901X2 were obtained to predict of withdrawal resistance for face, cross-section and edge respectively.In this study, variation in screw diameter and corresponding pilot hole, and relationship between these variables with withdrawal resistance for establishing multiple linear regression model was investigated. In this investigation 9-ply LVL was made of poplar (Populus deltoids). LVL was produced with polyvinyl acetate adhesive. Test specimens were prepared from LVL produced with dimensions of 7.5 * 7.5 cm. Dimension of pilot hole embedded in specimens at 4 levels (50, 60, 70 and 80 present of nominal screw diameter). The test Specimens were studied with nominal screw diameter 4.2, 5, 6 and 7mm were produced. Withdrawal resistance of screw was tested from surface and, edge and cross-sections. Results have shown that withdrawal resistance from edge (perpendicular to grain) was more than withdrawal resistance from face and cross-section (parallel to grain). Also the results have shown that withdrawal resistance of different screw diameter decreased with increase of pilot hole diameter, but withdrawal resistance increased with increase of screw diameter itself. The highest withdrawal resistance was obtained from screw 7 mm in diameters and predrilled hole diameter 50% of screw diameter. The lowest withdrawal resistance was observed from screw 4.2 mm in diameter and predrilled hole diameter 80% of screw diameter. Finally multiple linear regression models ys= 3.055+.411X1-3.358X2, ye║=2.6361.694X1+.089X2 and ye┴= 2.334+.509X1-2.901X2 were obtained to predict of withdrawal resistance for face, cross-section and edge respectively.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_25019_972c2021a53e8b556671e533b2c15813.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Microencapsulation of Zataria multiflora thyme essential oil to improve its antifungal efficiency by controlled release mechanismMicroencapsulation of Zataria multiflora thyme essential oil to improve its antifungal efficiency by controlled release mechanism56357125657FASeyedmahmoud MiriPh.D. student, Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranAsghar TarmianAssociate prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-0925-7465Mohammad Azadfallah AzadfallahAssistant prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-7576-3991Ali AbdolkhaniAssociate prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-8669-3722Davod Efhami SissiAssistant prof., Department of wood and paper science & technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20170223The purpose of the present research is enhancing the thyme essential oil efficacy by microencapsulation technique with emphasis on controlled released mechanism. First, essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. Then, core-shell microcapsules were prepared using solvent evaporation method with oil in water emulsion system. To measure the efficacy of encapsulated thyme oil, UV-visible spectrometer was used and was found to be 67 percent. The size and shape of oil droplets in emulsion were observed with optical microscope and the morphology of the polymer capsules was observed with scanning electron microscope. Release kinetics in both free and encapsulated forms showed that all components of free oil evaporated into atmosphere, while just 6 percent of capsules evaporated in the same condition. So, microencapsulation method increased the efficacy of the essential oil with controlled release mechanism. Filter paper disk test was performed to investigate the fungicide effects of thyme oil in both free and capsulated forms before and after leaching test. Results revealed that there are no significant differences between control samples and those treated by free oil especially after leaching test. In contrast, the samples treated by microencapsulated thyme oil showed much more resistance against Aspergillusniger mold indicating that the controlled release mechanism can prevent mold growth on filter paper disk and therefore improved the oil efficacy.The purpose of the present research is enhancing the thyme essential oil efficacy by microencapsulation technique with emphasis on controlled released mechanism. First, essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. Then, core-shell microcapsules were prepared using solvent evaporation method with oil in water emulsion system. To measure the efficacy of encapsulated thyme oil, UV-visible spectrometer was used and was found to be 67 percent. The size and shape of oil droplets in emulsion were observed with optical microscope and the morphology of the polymer capsules was observed with scanning electron microscope. Release kinetics in both free and encapsulated forms showed that all components of free oil evaporated into atmosphere, while just 6 percent of capsules evaporated in the same condition. So, microencapsulation method increased the efficacy of the essential oil with controlled release mechanism. Filter paper disk test was performed to investigate the fungicide effects of thyme oil in both free and capsulated forms before and after leaching test. Results revealed that there are no significant differences between control samples and those treated by free oil especially after leaching test. In contrast, the samples treated by microencapsulated thyme oil showed much more resistance against Aspergillusniger mold indicating that the controlled release mechanism can prevent mold growth on filter paper disk and therefore improved the oil efficacy.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_25657_0d98fc24aa0baeac3a2680a8395d5f80.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Determination and ranking cleaner production criteria by using analytic hierarchy process (Case study: Latif paper products company)Determination and ranking cleaner production criteria by using analytic hierarchy process (Case study: Latif paper products company)57358425676FAYaghob AsadizadehMS. graduate student, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMajid AziziProfessor, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-5215-1298Yahya HamzehProfessor, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20170216Cleaner production process is an environmentally friendly approach that attempts to reduce waste and energy consumption then reduce environmental pollutions of industrial processes to provide the possibility of sustainable production in industrial units. To achieve this goal and alignment with cleaner production strategies, paper industries should consider reducing wastes of production processes and irregular consumption of energy as a priority in their programs. In this research Analytic Hierarchy Process has been applied and a three level hierarchy model was structured to facilitate the cleaner production process in Latif paper products firm. Using a literature review and field study, the proposed model provided a framework for cleaner production implementation in the firm. Results showed priorities of the main criteria of cleaner production are process change, product modification, implementation of preventive maintenance system, resititution and man force capitals respectively. Process change criterion allocated 40 percent of the total weighing value and has the highest priority in implementation of cleaner production strategy. Existence of industrial automation and its technology level which is a sub criterion of process change has the highest priority among 31 sub criteria. Also some of higher priority sub criteria such as use of higher quality inclusion and implementation of calibration system are related to process change. Therefore, to achieve cleaner production goals and implementation of its strategic objectives it is necessary to pay more attention to this criterion. Inconsistency ratio of the research is 0.06 which indicates the results are compatible. The results of this research can be used to accelerate the implementation of cleaner production process in Iran’s pulp and paper industry.Cleaner production process is an environmentally friendly approach that attempts to reduce waste and energy consumption then reduce environmental pollutions of industrial processes to provide the possibility of sustainable production in industrial units. To achieve this goal and alignment with cleaner production strategies, paper industries should consider reducing wastes of production processes and irregular consumption of energy as a priority in their programs. In this research Analytic Hierarchy Process has been applied and a three level hierarchy model was structured to facilitate the cleaner production process in Latif paper products firm. Using a literature review and field study, the proposed model provided a framework for cleaner production implementation in the firm. Results showed priorities of the main criteria of cleaner production are process change, product modification, implementation of preventive maintenance system, resititution and man force capitals respectively. Process change criterion allocated 40 percent of the total weighing value and has the highest priority in implementation of cleaner production strategy. Existence of industrial automation and its technology level which is a sub criterion of process change has the highest priority among 31 sub criteria. Also some of higher priority sub criteria such as use of higher quality inclusion and implementation of calibration system are related to process change. Therefore, to achieve cleaner production goals and implementation of its strategic objectives it is necessary to pay more attention to this criterion. Inconsistency ratio of the research is 0.06 which indicates the results are compatible. The results of this research can be used to accelerate the implementation of cleaner production process in Iran’s pulp and paper industry.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_25676_a1cffc75686e7c886ab66b30273c4bd4.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Construction of lightweight and resistant concrete with silica and wooden particlesConstruction of lightweight and resistant concrete with silica and wooden particles58560325783FASaeed IsmaeilimoghadamPh.D. Student, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMojtaba Jafari Samimi2Assistant prof., Civil engineering-structures, Islamic Azad university central Tehran branch, Tehran, IranSeyaemojtaba Seyedzadeh OtaghsaraeiM.Sc., Civil engineering-structures, Islamic Azad university central Tehran branch, Tehran, IranMohammad RazaviBachelor of Civil-soil Islamic Azad university central Tehran branch, Tehran, IranSeyadreza Seyedzadeh OtaghsaraeiM.Sc. Student, Civil engineering-structures, University of Shomal, Amol, IranJournal Article20170119This research is aimed to investigate the possibility of making resistant Light concrete and the effects of different levels of wood and silica particles on physical, mechanical and morphology was performed. Granulation wood particles to 5 levels, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% and silica particles in a scale of nanometers and micrometers to 4 levels, 0, 3, 6 and 9% based on dry weight of cement were the variables of this research. Mixing process was is done manually and cement paste produced into a square molds were cast. To amass gel of cement was used from the vibrating table. After making concrete physical properties including water absorption, moisture diffusion coefficient and density in accordance with ASTM standard and mechanical properties including compressive strength and compressive strength index accordance with the regulations for concrete Iran (ABA) was performed. Infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the impact of silica particles were made of concrete. Scanning electron microscope to study the morphology of concrete were used. The results showed that by increasing the amount of wood, density, compressive strength and compressive strength index decreased while water absorption and moisture diffusion coefficient increased. Silica increases to 3 percent, increased compressive strength and compressive strength index and addition of more silica have a negative impact on the properties. Water absorption of samples by adding silica to 3 percent decreased and then increased. Density of samples increased with increasing silica. With increasing of silica to 3 percent, moisture diffusion coefficient was decreased but then the moisture diffusion coefficient increased with increasing silica. Infrared spectroscopy showed that addition of silica peak was reduced to a hydroxyl group. The results of scanning electron microscope showed good distribution of silica particles on the surface of 3 percent.This research is aimed to investigate the possibility of making resistant Light concrete and the effects of different levels of wood and silica particles on physical, mechanical and morphology was performed. Granulation wood particles to 5 levels, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% and silica particles in a scale of nanometers and micrometers to 4 levels, 0, 3, 6 and 9% based on dry weight of cement were the variables of this research. Mixing process was is done manually and cement paste produced into a square molds were cast. To amass gel of cement was used from the vibrating table. After making concrete physical properties including water absorption, moisture diffusion coefficient and density in accordance with ASTM standard and mechanical properties including compressive strength and compressive strength index accordance with the regulations for concrete Iran (ABA) was performed. Infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the impact of silica particles were made of concrete. Scanning electron microscope to study the morphology of concrete were used. The results showed that by increasing the amount of wood, density, compressive strength and compressive strength index decreased while water absorption and moisture diffusion coefficient increased. Silica increases to 3 percent, increased compressive strength and compressive strength index and addition of more silica have a negative impact on the properties. Water absorption of samples by adding silica to 3 percent decreased and then increased. Density of samples increased with increasing silica. With increasing of silica to 3 percent, moisture diffusion coefficient was decreased but then the moisture diffusion coefficient increased with increasing silica. Infrared spectroscopy showed that addition of silica peak was reduced to a hydroxyl group. The results of scanning electron microscope showed good distribution of silica particles on the surface of 3 percent.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_25783_ab9f66eed163320592752cbe8d6e2f43.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from bamboo - industrial wood particlesThe effect of alkali treatment of bamboo on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from bamboo - industrial wood particles60561525984FAVahid VaziriAssistant prof., Department of wood and paper science and technology, Gonbad Kavous university, Gonbad, IranMohammad Hasan Mesgarhaye KashaniM.Sc. student of wood composite products, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad, IranJournal Article20170506In this study, physical and mechanical properties of single layer particleboard made from bamboo powder (with and without alkali treatment) and wood particles were investigated. Bamboo powder (30 mesh particles) was treated with 5% hydroxide sodium for 120 minutes. Industrial wood chips from Sanate Choube Shomal Company were used.The variable in this research were the ratio of bamboo powder (with and without alkali treatment) to wood chips (at four levels; 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70). Urea formaldehyde resin used at 10 percent level of dry weight of raw material as well as ammonium chloride was used as a catalyst at 2 percent level of the dry weight of adhesive. Physical and mechanical properties of panels measured according to EN Standard. Mechanical properties of the particleboards made from treated bamboo was superior to the relevant untreated bamboo. Water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water decreased with alkali treatment. Mercerization, or treating cellulose fibers in alkaline solution, because of fibrillation, the removal of lignin and hemicellulose enhances the mechanical properties and dimension stability of the particleboard by promoting resin-fiber mechanical interlocking at the interface. Results showed, there was usability of the treated bamboo up to 30 percent for general purpose boards for use in dry conditions.In this study, physical and mechanical properties of single layer particleboard made from bamboo powder (with and without alkali treatment) and wood particles were investigated. Bamboo powder (30 mesh particles) was treated with 5% hydroxide sodium for 120 minutes. Industrial wood chips from Sanate Choube Shomal Company were used.The variable in this research were the ratio of bamboo powder (with and without alkali treatment) to wood chips (at four levels; 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70). Urea formaldehyde resin used at 10 percent level of dry weight of raw material as well as ammonium chloride was used as a catalyst at 2 percent level of the dry weight of adhesive. Physical and mechanical properties of panels measured according to EN Standard. Mechanical properties of the particleboards made from treated bamboo was superior to the relevant untreated bamboo. Water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water decreased with alkali treatment. Mercerization, or treating cellulose fibers in alkaline solution, because of fibrillation, the removal of lignin and hemicellulose enhances the mechanical properties and dimension stability of the particleboard by promoting resin-fiber mechanical interlocking at the interface. Results showed, there was usability of the treated bamboo up to 30 percent for general purpose boards for use in dry conditions.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_25984_9363ee9491ca2b605a6ed17f121e3b18.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Investigation on the physical properties of poplar wood (Populus deltoids) modified with glutaraldehyde/paraffinInvestigation on the physical properties of poplar wood (Populus deltoids) modified with glutaraldehyde/paraffin61763026712FANeda EsmaeeliM.Sc. student, Department of wood and paper sciences and technology, Sari university of agricultural sciences and natural resources, Sari, IranMaryam GhorbaniAssociate prof., Department of wood and paper sciences and technology, Sari university of agricultural sciences and natural resources, Sari, IranPouriya BeparvaAssistant prof., Department of sciences, Sari university of agricultural sciences and natural resources, Sari, IranJournal Article20170530Current research was conducted to investigate the effect of combined modification of glutaraldehyde/paraffin on the physical properties of poplar wood. Impregnation was done in three concentration levels of glutaraldehyde, 5, 10 and 20% containing MgCl2 as catalysts, and consequently with paraffin in combined modified samples using vacuum-pressure method. According to the FTIR results, reaction of Glutaraldehyde with wood polymers resulted in increase the methylene groups and reduce the hydroxyl groups. Bifurcation of hydroxyl groups peak with increase of glutaraldehyde concentration from 10 to 20%, confirmed the hemiacetal formation that hydrolyzed faster than the acetal during soaking, so led to more weight loss. Glutaraldehyde modification was decreased water entrance into the wood structure via blocking of hydroxyl groups and cell wall bulking, and reduced the flexibility of wood for swelling due to crosslinking. Also, Paraffin by reducing the capillary effect, declined the penetration of water into the wood. Paraffin infixation in wood caused more weight loss of combined modification levels with increase of the immersion time.Current research was conducted to investigate the effect of combined modification of glutaraldehyde/paraffin on the physical properties of poplar wood. Impregnation was done in three concentration levels of glutaraldehyde, 5, 10 and 20% containing MgCl2 as catalysts, and consequently with paraffin in combined modified samples using vacuum-pressure method. According to the FTIR results, reaction of Glutaraldehyde with wood polymers resulted in increase the methylene groups and reduce the hydroxyl groups. Bifurcation of hydroxyl groups peak with increase of glutaraldehyde concentration from 10 to 20%, confirmed the hemiacetal formation that hydrolyzed faster than the acetal during soaking, so led to more weight loss. Glutaraldehyde modification was decreased water entrance into the wood structure via blocking of hydroxyl groups and cell wall bulking, and reduced the flexibility of wood for swelling due to crosslinking. Also, Paraffin by reducing the capillary effect, declined the penetration of water into the wood. Paraffin infixation in wood caused more weight loss of combined modification levels with increase of the immersion time.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_26712_dc41e23a3e7d4f46201f82d3f0b14ed6.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220Performance Evaluation of Modified Canola Flour Adhesive in Plywood ProductionPerformance Evaluation of Modified Canola Flour Adhesive in Plywood Production63164326713FAMahsa BarzegarPh.D. student, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources and marine sciences, Tarbiat Modares university, Noor, IranRabi BehroozAssociate prof., Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources and marine sciences, Tarbiat Modares university, Noor, IranHamidreza MansouriAssociate Prof., Department of wood and paper science and technology, University of Zabol, Zabol, IranSaeed Kazemi NajafiProfessor, Department of wood and paper science and technology, Faculty of natural resources and marine sciences, Tarbiat Modares university, Noor, IranJournal Article20170514The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of canola flour adhesive in plywood manufacturing. For this reason, first canola flour was modified with sodium hydroxide and urea/sodium hydroxide, separately. Then to create cross linking between protein molecules, different levels of pMDI (5, 15, and 30%) was added to slurry as based on dry weight of canola flour. The results of this study indicated that the dry shear strength of specimens was significantly increased compared to unmodified adhesive as the alkali and urea was added to canola flour adhesive. Also, more pMDI content in adhesives resulted more improvement this property. In this study, the dry shear strength of all modified canola adhesives was more than the En-314-2 standard. Also, chemical modification of canola adhesives caused improvement the water resistance so that in soaking/drying cycles, the behavior of some adhesives was close or similar to Urea formaldehyde.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of canola flour adhesive in plywood manufacturing. For this reason, first canola flour was modified with sodium hydroxide and urea/sodium hydroxide, separately. Then to create cross linking between protein molecules, different levels of pMDI (5, 15, and 30%) was added to slurry as based on dry weight of canola flour. The results of this study indicated that the dry shear strength of specimens was significantly increased compared to unmodified adhesive as the alkali and urea was added to canola flour adhesive. Also, more pMDI content in adhesives resulted more improvement this property. In this study, the dry shear strength of all modified canola adhesives was more than the En-314-2 standard. Also, chemical modification of canola adhesives caused improvement the water resistance so that in soaking/drying cycles, the behavior of some adhesives was close or similar to Urea formaldehyde.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_26713_623f21c1c7a1ce920fc378885a75e026.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90668420180220The effect of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Physical Properties of Polyurethane Clear CoatingThe effect of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Physical Properties of Polyurethane Clear Coating64565626781FAAkbar MastouriMSc student, Wood and paper science and technology department, Natural resources faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMohammad AzadfallahAssistant professor, Wood and paper science and technology department, Natural resources faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-7576-3991Asghar TarmianAssociate professor, Wood and paper science and technology department, Natural resources faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranDavood Efhami SisiAssistant professor, Wood and paper science and technology department, Natural resources faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20170313In this study the effect of nanoparticles of Cerium dioxide (CeO2) and The combined effects bundled with nano-silica in Order to improve the physical properties of polyurethane clear coatings on Thermally modified wood of spruce (Picea abies) substrate were examined. For this purpose, different formulations of polyurethane coatings containing different amounts of the nanoparticles were applied on the heat treated wood surface after preparation. The presence of nanoparticles in polyurethane nanocomposite coating structure was confirmed by EDS analyses. To examine the effects of nanoparticles, adhesion, surface roughness and hardness of polyurethane coatings were assessed. The results showed that the use of cerium dioxide caused to improve the performance of polyurethane coatings on heat treated wood by reducing roughness and increasing adhesion strength of coating layer. In addition, the hardness of polyurethane coating layer enhanceded in the presence of cerium dioxide. Silica nanoparticle in the polymer matrix linked to cerium dioxide gave rise to enhance the adhesion strength and roughness of nanocomposite coatings.In this study the effect of nanoparticles of Cerium dioxide (CeO2) and The combined effects bundled with nano-silica in Order to improve the physical properties of polyurethane clear coatings on Thermally modified wood of spruce (Picea abies) substrate were examined. For this purpose, different formulations of polyurethane coatings containing different amounts of the nanoparticles were applied on the heat treated wood surface after preparation. The presence of nanoparticles in polyurethane nanocomposite coating structure was confirmed by EDS analyses. To examine the effects of nanoparticles, adhesion, surface roughness and hardness of polyurethane coatings were assessed. The results showed that the use of cerium dioxide caused to improve the performance of polyurethane coatings on heat treated wood by reducing roughness and increasing adhesion strength of coating layer. In addition, the hardness of polyurethane coating layer enhanceded in the presence of cerium dioxide. Silica nanoparticle in the polymer matrix linked to cerium dioxide gave rise to enhance the adhesion strength and roughness of nanocomposite coatings.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_26781_ac0f98556f768d7dd6a9bebbcaa11c65.pdf