Iranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Study on the potential use of nano-wollastonite to improve the fire resistance and dimensional stability of poplar wood (Populus nigra)Study on the potential use of nano-wollastonite to improve the fire resistance and dimensional stability of poplar wood (Populus nigra)11011183FAHaghighi AzarAli Naghi KarimiHamid Reza TaghiyariYahya HamzehAli.akbar EnayatiJournal Article20111203In this study possibility of nano-wollastonite uses for improving fire retardency of poplar wood (<em>Populus nigra</em>) was investigated. Also, water absorption and volumetric swelling of specimens were measured. Specimens for fire resistance were prepared according to ISO 11925 standard and for physical properties ASTM D4446-2002 standard. Specimens were impregnated with nano-wollastonite (NW), using full-cell process. Rate of concentrations were, 4, 6.3, 10 and 12 percent. Five fire-retarding properties were measured including: weight loss (%), ignition point (s), duration of flame after removing the burner (s), duration of glow after removing the burner (s), and carbonized area (%). The results showed that fire-retarding properties were increased with the NW-content. Furthermore, the treated wood specimens showed higher dimensional stability.In this study possibility of nano-wollastonite uses for improving fire retardency of poplar wood (<em>Populus nigra</em>) was investigated. Also, water absorption and volumetric swelling of specimens were measured. Specimens for fire resistance were prepared according to ISO 11925 standard and for physical properties ASTM D4446-2002 standard. Specimens were impregnated with nano-wollastonite (NW), using full-cell process. Rate of concentrations were, 4, 6.3, 10 and 12 percent. Five fire-retarding properties were measured including: weight loss (%), ignition point (s), duration of flame after removing the burner (s), duration of glow after removing the burner (s), and carbonized area (%). The results showed that fire-retarding properties were increased with the NW-content. Furthermore, the treated wood specimens showed higher dimensional stability.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11183_192c504e3da662baac2fc483b70de3ae.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101The predicting ultimate of joint withdrawal resistance constructed of plywood with regression models application according to diameter and penetrating depthThe predicting ultimate of joint withdrawal resistance constructed of plywood with regression models application according to diameter and penetrating depth112211202FASadegh MalekiMahdi FaezipourGhanbar EbrahimiMohammad LayeghiJournal Article20111207<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The goal of this study was to present regression models for predicting resistance of joints made with screw and plywood members. Joint members were out of hardwood plywood that were 19 mm in thickness. Two types of screws including coarse and fine thread drywall screw with 3.5, 4 and 5mm in diameter and sheet metal screw with 4 and 5mm were used. Results have shown that withdrawal resistance of screw was increased by increasing of screws, diameter and penetrating depth. Joints fabricated with coarse thread drywall screws were higher than those of fine thread drywall screws. Finally, average joint withdrawal resistance of screwed could be predicted by means of the expressions <em>W<sub>c</sub>=2.127</em><em>×</em><em>D<sup>1.072</sup></em><em>×</em><em>P<sup>0.520 </sup></em>for coarse thread drywall screws and <em>W<sub>f</sub>=1.377</em><em>×</em><em>D<sup>1.</sup></em><em><sup>156</sup></em><em>×</em><em>P<sup>0.581</sup></em> for fine thread drywall screws by taking account the diameter and penetrating depth. The difference of the observed and predicted data showed that developed models have a good correlation with actual experimental measurements.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The goal of this study was to present regression models for predicting resistance of joints made with screw and plywood members. Joint members were out of hardwood plywood that were 19 mm in thickness. Two types of screws including coarse and fine thread drywall screw with 3.5, 4 and 5mm in diameter and sheet metal screw with 4 and 5mm were used. Results have shown that withdrawal resistance of screw was increased by increasing of screws, diameter and penetrating depth. Joints fabricated with coarse thread drywall screws were higher than those of fine thread drywall screws. Finally, average joint withdrawal resistance of screwed could be predicted by means of the expressions <em>W<sub>c</sub>=2.127</em><em>×</em><em>D<sup>1.072</sup></em><em>×</em><em>P<sup>0.520 </sup></em>for coarse thread drywall screws and <em>W<sub>f</sub>=1.377</em><em>×</em><em>D<sup>1.</sup></em><em><sup>156</sup></em><em>×</em><em>P<sup>0.581</sup></em> for fine thread drywall screws by taking account the diameter and penetrating depth. The difference of the observed and predicted data showed that developed models have a good correlation with actual experimental measurements.</span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11202_f08e4cf56b624c3d96f54dd231fed52a.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
from Kenaf and Cotton StemPreparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
from Kenaf and Cotton Stem233211206FAFarshad MirehkiAlireza ShakeriJournal Article20120313<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanofiber cellulose are the ones of materials which are being used recently as biodegradable filler and reinforcing agent for making composites. In this research, microcrystalline cellulose were prepared from kenaf and cotton bast by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. The effects of hydrolysis condition on amount of crystallinity and crystal size of MCC were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results have shown that in both samples increasing the acid ratio increased the crystallinity; however, the size of crystals did not change. SEM results have shown that after hydrolysis the size of sample particles was micro.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanofiber cellulose are the ones of materials which are being used recently as biodegradable filler and reinforcing agent for making composites. In this research, microcrystalline cellulose were prepared from kenaf and cotton bast by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. The effects of hydrolysis condition on amount of crystallinity and crystal size of MCC were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results have shown that in both samples increasing the acid ratio increased the crystallinity; however, the size of crystals did not change. SEM results have shown that after hydrolysis the size of sample particles was micro.</span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11206_0c0dfbb5714a5c1fb2e7756b635aae95.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Evaluation of the geographical concentration of furniture industry in Iran with the aim of furniture cluster developmentEvaluation of the geographical concentration of furniture industry in Iran with the aim of furniture cluster development334411211FAOmid HosseinzadehMajid Azizi0000-0001-5215-1298Yahya HamzehMehdi FaezipourJournal Article20120918In this study, with the aim of furniture clusters development, the geographical distributionof furniture industries in Iran was evaluated and taking account this parameter, the areas with the high priority for the development of the furniture clusters were identified. LQ (Location Quotient) calculation method was used to calculate LQ for 193 cities. The cities with a LQ higher than one were identified and sorted in a table. LQ was higher than 1.5 for 45 cities. It means many cities have potential for furniture clusters development. According to the result aside from developing clusters such as Tehran, Shandiz and Malayer, Qom, Talesh, Babol, Eslamshahr, Shahriar, Robatkarim, Babolsar, and Gorgan furniture clusters have appropriate potential for development that they have been not noticed until know. Results have shown that, except Tehran furniture cluster that its members aggregated in Yaft Abad, in Tehran province Eslamshahr, Rabat Karin and Shahriar have a very high potential for another furniture clusters development.In this study, with the aim of furniture clusters development, the geographical distributionof furniture industries in Iran was evaluated and taking account this parameter, the areas with the high priority for the development of the furniture clusters were identified. LQ (Location Quotient) calculation method was used to calculate LQ for 193 cities. The cities with a LQ higher than one were identified and sorted in a table. LQ was higher than 1.5 for 45 cities. It means many cities have potential for furniture clusters development. According to the result aside from developing clusters such as Tehran, Shandiz and Malayer, Qom, Talesh, Babol, Eslamshahr, Shahriar, Robatkarim, Babolsar, and Gorgan furniture clusters have appropriate potential for development that they have been not noticed until know. Results have shown that, except Tehran furniture cluster that its members aggregated in Yaft Abad, in Tehran province Eslamshahr, Rabat Karin and Shahriar have a very high potential for another furniture clusters development.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11211_56eb3a2723c2dd9d1d833a9ce0d49e60.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Determination and evaluation of effective criteria to
location selection the optimal for establishing fluting paper mills from
agricultural residues of Mazandaran provinceDetermination and evaluation of effective criteria to
location selection the optimal for establishing fluting paper mills from
agricultural residues of Mazandaran province456411203FAAbdollah BarimaniAli GhasemianMajid Azizi0000-0001-5215-1298Nemat MohebbiMajid Zabih ZadehJournal Article20111228Location selection for factory competitiveness in the market place plays an important role and should be chosen so that will leads achievement of the strategic advantages compared with other competitors. The objective of this study was determination of the effective criteria for decision making to select the most suitable location for establishing a fluting paper mills from agricultural residues. For this purpose, effective criteria were divided into five major groups: Material and Product, Facilities and limitations of regional (infrastructure), Technical and Human, Economical, Rules & Regulations as well as 33 sub-criteria, after preliminary investigation, preparatory observation, and an interview with some of the paper producers and relevant experts. A hierarchy was designed based on five major groups of criteria and then the priority rates of obtained criteria and sub-criteria were determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) after compiling expert's opinions via questionnaire. Results have shown that among 33 determined effective criteria in location selection of fluting paper mills from agricultural residues , the sub-criteria of Supply residual amount, Ensure the supply of residual, Cost purchasing of raw material, Cost of transporting raw material have the highest priorities, respectivelyLocation selection for factory competitiveness in the market place plays an important role and should be chosen so that will leads achievement of the strategic advantages compared with other competitors. The objective of this study was determination of the effective criteria for decision making to select the most suitable location for establishing a fluting paper mills from agricultural residues. For this purpose, effective criteria were divided into five major groups: Material and Product, Facilities and limitations of regional (infrastructure), Technical and Human, Economical, Rules & Regulations as well as 33 sub-criteria, after preliminary investigation, preparatory observation, and an interview with some of the paper producers and relevant experts. A hierarchy was designed based on five major groups of criteria and then the priority rates of obtained criteria and sub-criteria were determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) after compiling expert's opinions via questionnaire. Results have shown that among 33 determined effective criteria in location selection of fluting paper mills from agricultural residues , the sub-criteria of Supply residual amount, Ensure the supply of residual, Cost purchasing of raw material, Cost of transporting raw material have the highest priorities, respectivelyhttps://www.ijwp.ir/article_11203_f06bf8a414f06e7c540e201dc24d6857.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Investigation on anatomical, chemical and pulping characteristics
of Silybum marianum stemInvestigation on anatomical, chemical and pulping characteristics
of Silybum marianum stem596811190FARahim YadollahiMohammadreza Dehghani FirouzabadiJournal Article20111030<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">To study the possibility of using plant <em>Silybum marianum</em> in paper industry, its stem yield potential, chemical properties, fiber indices and pulping was evaluated. Mean value of fiber length and diameter of <em>Silybum marianum</em>stem harvested in early June, were calculated 178 and 3.5 cm, respectively. Dry weight of whole stem determined 4710 kg per hectar. Mean value of fiber length, diameter, cavity diameter and wall thickness were obtained 1194, 16.06, 9.06, and 3.66 μm, respectively. Raunkel, flexibility, and slenderness ratios of its fibers were determined 80.83, 56.39, and 74.37, respectively. Results of chemical analysis showed that the stem comprises %70.35 holocellulose, %39.25 cellulose, %13.13 lignin, %3.09 acetone-soluble, %18 hot water-soluble extractives, and %11/85 ash. Soda pulp was obtained at 165 °C pulping time, 25% alkaline and 10:1 ratio of liquor to chips. Results of pulping showed that with increasing of pulping time from 30 to 210 minutes, the kappa number and yield decreased from 77.32 to 32.13 and 43.6 to 36.5, respectively; whereas accepted pulp yield (passed from 20 mesh) increased from 17.4 to 35.5% paper made of pulp with kappa number 32 had 36.82 Nm/g tensile index, 3.76 km breaking length and 1.75 Kpa.m<sup>2</sup>/g burst strength. In general, achieved results have shown that the present studied species could be regarded more for papermaking because of the suitable fiber biometrical and chemical properties as compared to other non-woody plants.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">To study the possibility of using plant <em>Silybum marianum</em> in paper industry, its stem yield potential, chemical properties, fiber indices and pulping was evaluated. Mean value of fiber length and diameter of <em>Silybum marianum</em>stem harvested in early June, were calculated 178 and 3.5 cm, respectively. Dry weight of whole stem determined 4710 kg per hectar. Mean value of fiber length, diameter, cavity diameter and wall thickness were obtained 1194, 16.06, 9.06, and 3.66 μm, respectively. Raunkel, flexibility, and slenderness ratios of its fibers were determined 80.83, 56.39, and 74.37, respectively. Results of chemical analysis showed that the stem comprises %70.35 holocellulose, %39.25 cellulose, %13.13 lignin, %3.09 acetone-soluble, %18 hot water-soluble extractives, and %11/85 ash. Soda pulp was obtained at 165 °C pulping time, 25% alkaline and 10:1 ratio of liquor to chips. Results of pulping showed that with increasing of pulping time from 30 to 210 minutes, the kappa number and yield decreased from 77.32 to 32.13 and 43.6 to 36.5, respectively; whereas accepted pulp yield (passed from 20 mesh) increased from 17.4 to 35.5% paper made of pulp with kappa number 32 had 36.82 Nm/g tensile index, 3.76 km breaking length and 1.75 Kpa.m<sup>2</sup>/g burst strength. In general, achieved results have shown that the present studied species could be regarded more for papermaking because of the suitable fiber biometrical and chemical properties as compared to other non-woody plants.</span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11190_d6bbfa05450c67268f66c29a0939d588.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Chemical Characterization of Ziziphus spina-chrisiti Wood Extractives using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy TechniqueChemical Characterization of Ziziphus spina-chrisiti Wood Extractives using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Technique697811212FAAli Abdolkhani0000-0001-8669-3722Narges MirkhandanAkram SedaghatAhmad MirshokraiJournal Article20120922The polar and non-polar extractives of <em>Ziziphus spina-chrisiti</em> wood were investigated using acetone and ethanol solvents with soxhlet extractor. The extracted portions were further analysed and characterized by GC/MS technique. Results have shown that dinormal-octyl phethalate was the most component of ethanol extracted portion with abundancy of 25.40% and phethalic acid-2-hexyl ester with 2.94% in case of acetone extracted components. Waxes as the most abundance extractives of ziziphus wood were mainly extracted with ethanol and among them dotheriacoanthan was the main componentThe polar and non-polar extractives of <em>Ziziphus spina-chrisiti</em> wood were investigated using acetone and ethanol solvents with soxhlet extractor. The extracted portions were further analysed and characterized by GC/MS technique. Results have shown that dinormal-octyl phethalate was the most component of ethanol extracted portion with abundancy of 25.40% and phethalic acid-2-hexyl ester with 2.94% in case of acetone extracted components. Waxes as the most abundance extractives of ziziphus wood were mainly extracted with ethanol and among them dotheriacoanthan was the main componenthttps://www.ijwp.ir/article_11212_ffe222d3f87a42534a50a358dede1881.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Minimizing hot-press time in the manufacturing process
of wood plastic compositesMinimizing hot-press time in the manufacturing process
of wood plastic composites799011205FANazanin MotieGhanbar EbrahimiMehdi TajvidiMohammad LayeghiJournal Article20120116In this study, the reduction in the hot press time using high thermally conductive fillers and the influenceof these fillers on physical and mechanical properties of end products was investigated. Variable factors in these treatments were type and content of fillers. Press time and other factors such as the amount of wood flour, board density, and other conditions of press were fixed. Composites were prepared from Beech (<em>Fagus orientalis</em>) flour, Polypropylene, MAPP, and conductive fillers such as flake and powder graphite (carbonic fillers), and Alumina (ceramic filler). Fillers with contents of 5 and 10% in 15 and 20 minutes for press time were utilized. A thermocouple was utilized to measure the temperature in the core of composite and to determine the time being panel core as the same temperature as the hot press surface. It showed that fillers reduce press time as 2-4 minutes. Mechanical tests including tension, bending, impact and hardness were performed. Fillers except of flake graphite had no restriction in mechanical properties. Water uptake and swelling as physical properties were also measured and fillers didn’t have a significant effect on these tests. To validate the experimental results, thermal conductivity of composites was determined and the increase in this property was evaluated. The increase in samples contain flake and powder graphite was more remarkable than those contain Alumina.In this study, the reduction in the hot press time using high thermally conductive fillers and the influenceof these fillers on physical and mechanical properties of end products was investigated. Variable factors in these treatments were type and content of fillers. Press time and other factors such as the amount of wood flour, board density, and other conditions of press were fixed. Composites were prepared from Beech (<em>Fagus orientalis</em>) flour, Polypropylene, MAPP, and conductive fillers such as flake and powder graphite (carbonic fillers), and Alumina (ceramic filler). Fillers with contents of 5 and 10% in 15 and 20 minutes for press time were utilized. A thermocouple was utilized to measure the temperature in the core of composite and to determine the time being panel core as the same temperature as the hot press surface. It showed that fillers reduce press time as 2-4 minutes. Mechanical tests including tension, bending, impact and hardness were performed. Fillers except of flake graphite had no restriction in mechanical properties. Water uptake and swelling as physical properties were also measured and fillers didn’t have a significant effect on these tests. To validate the experimental results, thermal conductivity of composites was determined and the increase in this property was evaluated. The increase in samples contain flake and powder graphite was more remarkable than those contain Alumina.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11205_867572ed88671fb626ed02b3450e1fed.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Analyze of Oak Chronology Network with Climate in Hyrcanian ForestsAnalyze of Oak Chronology Network with Climate in Hyrcanian Forests9110011208FALadan PoursartipKambiz PourtahmasiAkhim BräuningDiter EcksteinJournal Article20120501<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Goal of this study was to analyze </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">relationships between the annual variability of the <em>Quercus</em> <em>cataneifolia</em> and </span><em> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Quercus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> <em>macranthera</em> tree-ring chronologies and the variability of the main climatic parameters in Caspian forests. The study areas represented by a forestry ecosystem located from west to east of Caspian forests in north of Iran. 6 sites were selected from Gilan (cool and moist), Mazandaran (moist with moderate winters) and Golestan (warm and arid)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">provinces. The measurements of the cores were made with the LINTAB device and TSAP program. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the time-series of the tree-rings indices as well as to the residual time-series of the monthly precipitation and temperature derived from 6 meteorological stations located near the study regions. The results of ring width variation (111 years of data) showed that 30.2% of the total variance of tree-rings chronologies could be attributed to the common variability of the climatic parameters: Finally, results have shown that 30.2% of variance has a significant and positive correlation with June precipitation in both species and in all sites. Precipitation in spring is an important factor to all physiological activities of tree, like cambium activation. Results have shown that this area has a good potential to reconstruct past climate.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Goal of this study was to analyze </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">relationships between the annual variability of the <em>Quercus</em> <em>cataneifolia</em> and </span><em> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Quercus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> <em>macranthera</em> tree-ring chronologies and the variability of the main climatic parameters in Caspian forests. The study areas represented by a forestry ecosystem located from west to east of Caspian forests in north of Iran. 6 sites were selected from Gilan (cool and moist), Mazandaran (moist with moderate winters) and Golestan (warm and arid)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">provinces. The measurements of the cores were made with the LINTAB device and TSAP program. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the time-series of the tree-rings indices as well as to the residual time-series of the monthly precipitation and temperature derived from 6 meteorological stations located near the study regions. The results of ring width variation (111 years of data) showed that 30.2% of the total variance of tree-rings chronologies could be attributed to the common variability of the climatic parameters: Finally, results have shown that 30.2% of variance has a significant and positive correlation with June precipitation in both species and in all sites. Precipitation in spring is an important factor to all physiological activities of tree, like cambium activation. Results have shown that this area has a good potential to reconstruct past climate.</span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11208_e48133a8331ca42fb330e8bfbad83ad4.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Determination of Effective Criteria on site selection for
Solar Wood Drying Units in IranDetermination of Effective Criteria on site selection for
Solar Wood Drying Units in Iran10111011207FAMajid Azizi0000-0001-5215-1298Alireza DehghanNemat MohebbiJournal Article20120313<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Identification and priority of the effective criteria in decision making of selecting most suitable location for establishing solar wood drying unitsin Iran was objective of this study. For this purpose, after preliminary investigation and interviews, 42</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">effective criteria and sub-criteria were identified</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">and then divided into five major groups. The hierarchy of these criteria was designed and then priority rates of these criteria were determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that among effective criteria, the five criteria, namely, average temperature, granted facilities, market capacity, labor force availability and price of raw material, have the highest </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">priorities</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">, respectively</span>.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Identification and priority of the effective criteria in decision making of selecting most suitable location for establishing solar wood drying unitsin Iran was objective of this study. For this purpose, after preliminary investigation and interviews, 42</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">effective criteria and sub-criteria were identified</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">and then divided into five major groups. The hierarchy of these criteria was designed and then priority rates of these criteria were determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that among effective criteria, the five criteria, namely, average temperature, granted facilities, market capacity, labor force availability and price of raw material, have the highest </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">priorities</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">, respectively</span>.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11207_c9e1516c288cc7aa8fc8b12c3268ff1e.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Evaluation of the Effect of Endoglucanase Refining on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paper Made from OCC PulpEvaluation of the Effect of Endoglucanase Refining on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paper Made from OCC Pulp11112211209FAElyas Afra0000-0002-2652-0253Iman AkbarpourJournal Article20120813<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study, the effect of enzymatic refining with endoglucanase was investigated on the physical and mechanical properties of OCC pulp. Collected OCC pulps were pre-treated with different endoglucanse dosages (1u, 2u and 3u on o.d. pulp) under constant conditions and then refined at different levels. The effect of different enzyme dosages and refining levels were evaluated separately on the paper physical and mechanical of properties, as compared to control pulp (non treated pulp with enzyme). In unrefined pulps, the results have shown that adding enzyme up to 1u caused to improve the physical and mechanical properties as significant (confidence level of 95%), compared to control pulp. However using more than 1u endoglucanase resulted in a significant decrease in both physical and mechanical properties. Achieved results from the effect of different enzyme dosages and refining levels showed that in refined pulps, increase of enzyme level caused to produce a bulky paper and decrease of mechanical properties. In general, the best physical and mechanical properties were obtained using 1u endoglucanase at different refining levels applied.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study, the effect of enzymatic refining with endoglucanase was investigated on the physical and mechanical properties of OCC pulp. Collected OCC pulps were pre-treated with different endoglucanse dosages (1u, 2u and 3u on o.d. pulp) under constant conditions and then refined at different levels. The effect of different enzyme dosages and refining levels were evaluated separately on the paper physical and mechanical of properties, as compared to control pulp (non treated pulp with enzyme). In unrefined pulps, the results have shown that adding enzyme up to 1u caused to improve the physical and mechanical properties as significant (confidence level of 95%), compared to control pulp. However using more than 1u endoglucanase resulted in a significant decrease in both physical and mechanical properties. Achieved results from the effect of different enzyme dosages and refining levels showed that in refined pulps, increase of enzyme level caused to produce a bulky paper and decrease of mechanical properties. In general, the best physical and mechanical properties were obtained using 1u endoglucanase at different refining levels applied.</span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11209_b8900b6a4c20c906c195714422327355.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Effect of Graphite powder on thermal conductivity, physical and mechanical properties of 3-layer particleboardEffect of Graphite powder on thermal conductivity, physical and mechanical properties of 3-layer particleboard12313011215FAAmin MalekaniKazem DousthosseiniMehdi FaezipourMohammad LayeghiJournal Article20130206This study, has investigated effect of using graphite powder on thermal conductivity during the time of production in three-layer boards made of planer shaving particles (70% in the middle layer) and the particles poplar (30% of the surface) at 4 levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% (oven dry adhesive). After that physical properties and mechanical strength measured. Overall, results have shown that use of graphite powder, increases amount of thermal conductivity significantly. Also found that modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity had significantly increased and the thickness swelling and water absorption decreased, but they had no significant effect on shear strength parallel to surface. So the boards produced by 15% graphite powder had maximum amount of modulus of rupture (18.42 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (2298MPa) and also had minimum amount of water absorption and thickness swellingThis study, has investigated effect of using graphite powder on thermal conductivity during the time of production in three-layer boards made of planer shaving particles (70% in the middle layer) and the particles poplar (30% of the surface) at 4 levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% (oven dry adhesive). After that physical properties and mechanical strength measured. Overall, results have shown that use of graphite powder, increases amount of thermal conductivity significantly. Also found that modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity had significantly increased and the thickness swelling and water absorption decreased, but they had no significant effect on shear strength parallel to surface. So the boards produced by 15% graphite powder had maximum amount of modulus of rupture (18.42 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (2298MPa) and also had minimum amount of water absorption and thickness swellinghttps://www.ijwp.ir/article_11215_0da1005ee3c28a6fb82983a870830b3d.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Mechanical properties of Beech -Furfuryl alcohol wood polymerMechanical properties of Beech -Furfuryl alcohol wood polymer13114011219FAHamideh AbdolzadehGhanbar EbrahimiMohammad LayeghiMahdi GhasemiehAhmad MirshokraiJournal Article20130306In this study, mechanical properties of wood polymer (beech-furfuryl alcohol) were investigated. In this regard, the properties of specimens with three different values of furfurylation (20%, 30% and 65%) in comparison with control specimens were evaluated. The furfurylation was carried out with impregnation of specimens with full-cell method followed by polymerization of furfuryl alcohol monomer with heat catalyst. Static bending, tension perpendicular to the grain, compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain, shear parallel to the grain and hardness of specimens were determined according to ASTM D-143. Results have shown that with increasing furfurylation, static bending strength increases and tension perpendicular to the grain decreases. In addition, the compression perpendicular to the grain and shear parallel to the grain in specimens with high furfurylation value increases in comparison with control specimens. The radial hardness of the wood polymer specimens in comparison with control specimens increases greatly and ascendant trend of specimen's hardness was observed being increasing with furfurylation value.In this study, mechanical properties of wood polymer (beech-furfuryl alcohol) were investigated. In this regard, the properties of specimens with three different values of furfurylation (20%, 30% and 65%) in comparison with control specimens were evaluated. The furfurylation was carried out with impregnation of specimens with full-cell method followed by polymerization of furfuryl alcohol monomer with heat catalyst. Static bending, tension perpendicular to the grain, compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain, shear parallel to the grain and hardness of specimens were determined according to ASTM D-143. Results have shown that with increasing furfurylation, static bending strength increases and tension perpendicular to the grain decreases. In addition, the compression perpendicular to the grain and shear parallel to the grain in specimens with high furfurylation value increases in comparison with control specimens. The radial hardness of the wood polymer specimens in comparison with control specimens increases greatly and ascendant trend of specimen's hardness was observed being increasing with furfurylation value.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11219_30beccbf3e0682bd1eed7e8309ca46fc.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101The Effect of Face and Adhesive Types on Mechanical Properties of
Sandwich Panels Made from Honeycomb PaperThe Effect of Face and Adhesive Types on Mechanical Properties of
Sandwich Panels Made from Honeycomb Paper14115211210FAMohsen SaffariMohammad JabbariAbdollah NajafiAliasghar TatariMansour GhaffariJournal Article20120910<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sandwich panels are new kind of layered composites that usually are composed of three layers and their core layer's thickness is higher and the outer layers are determinative in determination of the products strength and stiffness. The core layer is commonly made of honeycomb paper, corrugated paper and polyurethane etc. In this study, effects of face and adhesive types on mechanical properties of sandwich panels made from honeycomb paper were investigated. The variables included three types; beech face, poplar face and hardboard (S<sub>2</sub>S face, veneer less) and adhesive type (two types; epoxy and PVA). Out of experimental panels specimens were cut and tested according to DIN E 326-1 standard. Mechanical properties of panels, included modulus of elasticity as well as modulus of rupture at the edge and surface (based on DIN EN 310 standard) and Impact Bending Strength (IBS) of the panels (based on ASTM D 3499 standard) were measured. The gathered data were analyzed as completely randomized factorial design. Highest mechanical properties were reported for panels glued with epoxy resin and containing fiberboard at the middle. According to results, optimum condition of producing sandwich panels was observed in uses of epoxy resin and fiberboard S<sub>2</sub>S face, veneer less) at the middle. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sandwich panels are new kind of layered composites that usually are composed of three layers and their core layer's thickness is higher and the outer layers are determinative in determination of the products strength and stiffness. The core layer is commonly made of honeycomb paper, corrugated paper and polyurethane etc. In this study, effects of face and adhesive types on mechanical properties of sandwich panels made from honeycomb paper were investigated. The variables included three types; beech face, poplar face and hardboard (S<sub>2</sub>S face, veneer less) and adhesive type (two types; epoxy and PVA). Out of experimental panels specimens were cut and tested according to DIN E 326-1 standard. Mechanical properties of panels, included modulus of elasticity as well as modulus of rupture at the edge and surface (based on DIN EN 310 standard) and Impact Bending Strength (IBS) of the panels (based on ASTM D 3499 standard) were measured. The gathered data were analyzed as completely randomized factorial design. Highest mechanical properties were reported for panels glued with epoxy resin and containing fiberboard at the middle. According to results, optimum condition of producing sandwich panels was observed in uses of epoxy resin and fiberboard S<sub>2</sub>S face, veneer less) at the middle. </span>https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11210_214a277eb008d67719559b0f25b52e23.pdfIranian Scientific Association of Wood and Paper IndustriesIranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries2008-90664220131101Production of Nanocellulose from Rice HuskProduction of Nanocellulose from Rice Husk15316311214FAShaghayegh RezanezhadNourodin NazarnezhadJournal Article20121020In this work, nanocellulose was produced from rice husk, as a lignocellulosic waste of rice. Initially, purified cellulose was produced with chemo-mechanical and soda-anthraquinone (soda/AQ) pulping and bleaching. The purified cellulose was then sonicated for 15 min using an ultrasonic processor, resulted in nanocellulose. The nanocellulose obtained by sonification has been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Diameter of nanocellulose from rice husk by chemical method was 30-40 nm and that of produced by soda-AQ pulping method were 10-20 nm. The nanocellulose crystallinity for chemical method obtained 60% and for that of produced with soda-AQ pulping method was 66%. The degradation onset temperature for nanocellulose from rice husk by chemical method was 165°C and that of produced with soda-AQ pulping method were 188°c. The thermal behaviors of nanocellulose and purified cellulose were almost the same, suggesting the ultrasonic treatment had minor effect on the thermal decomposition of the nanocellulose.In this work, nanocellulose was produced from rice husk, as a lignocellulosic waste of rice. Initially, purified cellulose was produced with chemo-mechanical and soda-anthraquinone (soda/AQ) pulping and bleaching. The purified cellulose was then sonicated for 15 min using an ultrasonic processor, resulted in nanocellulose. The nanocellulose obtained by sonification has been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Diameter of nanocellulose from rice husk by chemical method was 30-40 nm and that of produced by soda-AQ pulping method were 10-20 nm. The nanocellulose crystallinity for chemical method obtained 60% and for that of produced with soda-AQ pulping method was 66%. The degradation onset temperature for nanocellulose from rice husk by chemical method was 165°C and that of produced with soda-AQ pulping method were 188°c. The thermal behaviors of nanocellulose and purified cellulose were almost the same, suggesting the ultrasonic treatment had minor effect on the thermal decomposition of the nanocellulose.https://www.ijwp.ir/article_11214_cae4b99d0d623f1e65b554181b4c02d8.pdf